Method of making printed material for stereoscopic viewing, and printed material for stereoscopic viewing

ABSTRACT

Printed material for stereoscopic viewing is fabricated by creating images for the left eye and the right eye IL 1  and IR 1  for stereoscopic viewing, performing correction processing to remove perspective of images in the IL 1  and IR 1  at a base surface, creating images for the left eye and the right eye IL 2  and IR 2 , and performing anaglyph processing or the like, based on the IL 2  and IR 2 . An image IL for the left eye is created by rendering a projection of each point of a graphic object onto a base surface BS in a projection direction linking a viewpoint position for the left eye VPL to each point of the graphic object OB, and an IMAGE IR FOR THE RIGHT EYE is created by rendering a projection of each point of the graphic object onto the base surface BS in a projection direction linking a viewpoint position for the right eye VPL to each point of the graphic object OB. Printed material for stereoscopic viewing is fabricated by anaglyph processing or the like, based on the IL and IR.

This is a Division of application Ser. No. 10/705,464 filed Nov. 12,2003, issued on Mar. 16, 2010 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,680,322, which claimsthe benefit of Japanese Patent Applications Nos. 2002-328834 and2002-328869, filed Nov. 12, 2002. The disclosures of the priorapplications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of fabricating printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing, together with printed material forstereoscopic viewing.

A technique is known in the art of preparing an image for the left eye,taken by a camera that is equivalent to the left eye, and an image forthe right eye, taken by a camera that is equivalent to the right eye,then combining these images by anaglyph processing or the like to obtaina stereoscopic image (printed material for stereoscopic viewing), asdisclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-56411, by way ofexample.

There are three physiological functions that enable a human being toexperience the feeling of three dimensions: (1) binocular parallax(difference in the line-of-sight angles thereof) that creates an offsetin the imaging of the retinas due to the spatial separation of the leftand right eyes, (2) convergence, which is a function that directs theeyes inward, and (3) focal adjustment (focal distance) of adjusting thethickness of the lens in answer to distance to the object. The humanbeing processes the three physiological functions of binocular parallax,convergence, and focal adjustment within the brain, to produce thestereoscopic feeling.

The relationships between these three physiological functions areusually linked within the brain. If an error or inconsistency shouldarise in these relationships, therefore, the brain will try to forcethese stereoscopic linkages, which creates a situation in which theimage feels unnatural or the viewer cannot recognize it as astereoscopic image.

Incidentally, stereoscopic viewing in the prior art used only binocularparallax and convergence for representing a stereoscopic view. For thatreason, the focus (focal distance) to any point within the surface ofthe stereoscopic image (printed material for stereoscopic viewing)remains substantially constant, so that offsets in binocular parallax orconvergence occur at substantially all the locations in the stereoscopicimage, making it impossible to implement a stereoscopic view that doesnot force the brain of a human being.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided amethod of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, themethod comprising:

creating a first image for the left eye for stereoscopic viewing;

creating a first image for the right eye for stereoscopic viewing;

creating a second image for the left eye by subjecting the first imagefor the left eye to correction processing for removing perspective of animage at a base surface in the first image for the left eye;

creating a second image for the right eye by subjecting the first imagefor the right eye to correction processing for removing perspective ofan image at the base surface in the first image for the right eye; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing based on thesecond image for the left eye and the second image for the right eye.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, themethod comprising:

creating a first image for the left eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing a subject and first to fourth marks for the left eye froma viewpoint position for the left eye, the first to fourth marks for theleft eye forming a rectangle on a base surface;

creating a first image for the right eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing the subject and first to fourth marks for the right eyefrom a viewpoint position for the right eye, the first to fourth marksfor the right eye forming a rectangle on the base surface;

creating a second image for the left eye from the first image for theleft eye, by performing correction processing which moves the first tofourth marks for the left eye in the first image for the left eye topositions of vertices of a rectangle;

creating a second image for the right eye from the first image for theright eye, by performing correction processing which moves the first tofourth marks for the right eye in the first image for the right eye topositions of vertices of a rectangle; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing based on thesecond image for the left eye and the second image for the right eye.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided printed material for stereoscopic viewing which is fabricatedby combining an image for the left eye and an image for the right eye,

wherein each of the image for the left eye and the image for the righteye comprises an image of an object which is disposed on a base surface,and

wherein the image of the object in the image for the left eye and theimage of the object in the image for the right eye match at the basesurface, and an offset between the image of the object in the image forthe left eye and the image of the object in the image for the right eyebecomes larger with increasing distance from the base surface.

According to still another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopicviewing, the method comprising:

creating an image for the left eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of a graphic object onto a base surface which is not orthogonal toa line-of-sight direction, in a projection direction linking a viewpointposition for the left eye to each point of the graphic object;

creating an image for the right eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of the graphic object onto the base surface, in a projectiondirection linking a viewpoint position for the right eye to each pointof the graphic object; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, based on theimage for the left eye and the image for the right eye.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a first stereoscopic viewing method inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is illustrative of the first stereoscopic viewing method inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows an example of an image IL1 for the left eye;

FIG. 4 shows an example of an image IR1 for the right eye;

FIG. 5 shows an example of an image IL2 for the left eye;

FIG. 6 shows an example of an image IR2 for the right eye;

FIG. 7 shows an example of a stereoscopic image (an anaglyph image);

FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C are illustrative of correction processing to removeperspective;

FIG. 9 is illustrative of characteristics of a stereoscopic image thatis obtained by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is illustrative of a method of providing a plurality of basesurfaces;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of the method of providing a plurality of basesurfaces;

FIG. 12 is further illustrative of the method of providing a pluralityof base surfaces;

FIG. 13 is illustrative of a second stereoscopic viewing method inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C are further illustrative of the secondstereoscopic viewing method;

FIGS. 15A and 15B are illustrative of a prior-art method;

FIG. 16 is illustrative of a method of setting a viewpoint position;

FIG. 17 is illustrative of a method of using photographic images forfabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing;

FIG. 18 is further illustrative of the method of using photographicimages for fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing;

FIGS. 19A and 19B are illustrative of a method of using CG images forfabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing;

FIG. 20 is illustrative of correction processing using texture mapping;

FIG. 21 shows an example of a configuration of an image generationsystem;

FIG. 22 is illustrative of a coordinate system;

FIG. 23 is illustrative of the conversion from G1 to G4 to G1′ to G4′and from G1′ to G4′ to F1 to F4;

FIG. 24 is illustrative of the derivation of conversion equations of thesecond stereoscopic viewing method;

FIGS. 25A and 25B are illustrative of conversions that form the secondstereoscopic viewing method;

FIG. 26 is further illustrative of conversions that form the secondstereoscopic viewing method; and

FIG. 27 is illustrative of an offset magnitude during the conversion ofthe first stereoscopic viewing method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT

The embodiments of the present invention are described below withreference to the drawings.

Note that the embodiments described below do not limit the scope of theinvention defined by the claims laid out herein. Similarly, the overallconfiguration of the embodiments below should not be taken as limitingthe subject matter defined by the claims herein.

This embodiment implements a stereoscopic view by either of two methods,as described below.

1. First Stereoscopic Viewing Method

A flowchart of a first stereoscopic viewing method in accordance withthis embodiment is shown in FIG. 1.

First of all, the system creates (generates) a first image IL1 for theleft eye and a first image IR1 for the right eye, for stereoscopicviewing (steps S1 and S2). More specifically, the image IL1 for the lefteye as seen from a viewpoint position VPL for the left eye and the imageIR1 for the right eye as seen from a viewpoint position for the righteye VPR are created (generated).

In this case, the viewpoint positions for the left eye and the right eyeVPL and VPR are positions at which the left eye and the right eye of aviewer are assumed to be, as shown in FIG. 2. If, for example, imagesIL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye are created byphotographing with a camera (digital camera), the camera is positionedat these VPL and VPR positions to capture the images IL1 and IR1 for theleft eye and the right eye. In such a case, two cameras disposed at VPLand VPR could capture pictures simultaneously, or the position of onecamera could be changed for the captures.

Alternatively, if the images IL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the righteye are generated by a system that generates computer graphics (CG)images and game images (real-time moving images), virtual cameras aredisposed at these VPL and VPR positions to generate the images IL1 andIR1 for the left eye and the right eye. In other words, images areobtained as seen from VPL and VPR in the object space.

Examples of the image IL1 for the left eye and the image IR1 for theright eye as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. These are examples in which theimages IL1 and IR1 have been created by photography with a camera(digital camera). Various objects (synonymously or in a narrow sense:substances, subjects, items, hereinafter the same) such as a tangerine,a box, a ballpoint pen, and a stapler are disposed on a base surface (amounting surface on which the objects are placed). The image IL1 for theleft eye is obtained by disposing a camera at the viewpoint position VPLfor the left eye and capturing the image by directing the line of sight(direction) of the camera toward the object (the point of regard, or arepresentative point of the object). Similarly, the image IR1 for theright eye is obtained by disposing the camera at the viewpoint positionfor the right eye VPR and directing the line of sight of the cameratoward the object. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, there is an offset betweenthe line-of-sight angles (viewing directions) of these images IL1 andIR1 for the left eye and the right eye, and a stereoscopic view isimplemented by using the binocular parallax caused by that offset in theline-of-sight angles.

Note that in this embodiment the surface (desk or table surface, orother horizontal surface) on which the printed material for stereoscopicviewing is placed during the stereoscopic viewing can be set to be abase surface.

With CGs or a game, graphic objects (such as graphic objects that modela tangerine, a box, a ballpoint pen, and a stapler) are disposed on abase surface that has been set within an object space, and virtualcameras are positioned at VPL and VPR. Images similar to those of FIGS.3 and 4 can be generated by directing the line-of-sight (direction) ofeach virtual camera towards the graphic objects (point of regard, orrepresentative point of the graphic objects) then generating images asseen from the virtual cameras.

As shown in step S3 of FIG. 1, correction processing for removing theperspective of the images at a base surface BS is done on the firstimage IL1 for the left eye obtained by step S1, to create (generate) asecond image IL2 for the left eye. Similarly, as shown at step S4,correction processing for removing the perspective of the images at thebase surface BS is done on the first image IR1 for the right eyeobtained by step S2, to create (generate) a second image IR2 for theright eye.

Examples of the image IL2 for the left eye and the image IR2 for theright eye obtained by the correction processing are shown in FIGS. 5 and6. As shown by way of example in FIGS. 3 and 4, a rectangle RTG (where“rectangle” has a general meaning that also comprises “square”, which isthe same hereinafter) that is drawn on the base surface BS is also inperspective. In contrast thereto, the perspective of the rectangle RTGhas been removed in FIGS. 5 and 6.

In this case, the correction processing for removing perspective of thisembodiment is processing for removing perspective (depth perception)from an image of the base surface BS itself, an image IM1 drawn on thebase surface, and an image of portions of an object OB (graphic object)that are in contact with the base surface BS, as shown in FIG. 8A. Inother words, whereas the distance between vertices becomes smallerfurther away from the viewpoint in B1 of FIG. 8A, the distance betweenthe vertices does not change further away from the viewpoint in B2 ofFIG. 8A. The execution of such correction processing makes it possibleto create (generate) an image as if seen from above, for the image ofthe base surface BS. Note that this correction processing need notnecessarily remove the perspective completely; it could equally wellremove enough of the perspective to avoid incongruity in thestereoscopic view.

As shown at step S5 of FIG. 1, a stereoscopic image (image data) iscreated (generated), based on the second image IL2 for the left eye andthe second image IR2 for the right eye. More specifically, anaglyphprocessing or the like based on IL2 and IR2 is done to create (generate)a stereoscopic image.

A color printer (generally speaking: a printing machine) using a methodsuch as an inkjet method or a laser printer method is then used to printthis stereoscopic image (photographic image or CG image) onto a printmedium, to fabricate printed material for stereoscopic viewing. Notethat the printed material for stereoscopic viewing could also befabricated by making a master print by the color printer (print machine)then copying this printed material for stereoscopic viewing. This hasthe advantage of making it possible to fabricate large volumes of theprinted material for stereoscopic viewing within a short period of time.

Displaying the stereoscopic image on the display section of an imagegeneration system makes it possible to generate game images (movingimages) in real time. Note that in this case, stereoscopic images thathave been obtained by anaglyph processing could be displayed directly onthe display section and viewed by using spectacles (generally speaking:an appliance) that have been provided with color filters (red and blue).Alternatively, the images IL2 and IR2 for the left eye and the right eyecould be displayed alternately on the display section with differentframes and viewed by using spectacles that have been provided withliquid-crystal shutters or the like.

An example of a stereoscopic image obtained by anaglyph processing basedon the images IL2 and IR2 for the left eye and the right eye of FIGS. 5and 6 is shown in FIG. 7.

This stereoscopic image shown in FIG. 7 is a composite of the image IL2for the left eye (IL) and the image IR2 for the right eye (IR). Theimage IL2 for the left eye and the image IR2 for the right eye eachcomprise an image of the object OB disposed on the base surface BS. Animage of the base surface BS is also comprised therein.

As shown at A1 in FIG. 9, the object image of the image IL2 for the lefteye and the object image of the image IR2 for the right eye match at theposition of the base surface BS (note that it is not always necessarythat they should match completely). In other words, the print position(display position) of the object image of the image IL2 for the left eyeand the print position (display position) of the object image of theimage IR2 for the right eye match at the base surface BS.

With increasing distance from the base surface BS, however, the offsetbetween the object image of the image IL2 for the left eye and theobject image for the image IR2 for the right eye grows larger, as shownat A2 in FIG. 9. More specifically, portions of the object OB that arepositioned higher than the base surface BS have a larger offset betweenthe print position (display position) for the image IL2 for the left eyeand the print position (display position) for the image IR2 for theright eye.

Printed material for stereoscopic viewing can be fabricated by printingthe stereoscopic images shown in FIGS. 7 and 9 on a print medium. Astereoscopic view can be implemented by viewing this printed materialfor stereoscopic viewing through spectacles provided with a red-colorfilter for the left eye and a blue-color filter for the right eye, byway of example. In addition, a game stereoscopic image can be generatedby displaying the stereoscopic image of FIGS. 7 and 9 on a displaysection.

Conventionally, the printed material for stereoscopic viewing PM (ordisplay screen of a display section, hereinafter the same) has beenassumed to be disposed with the surface thereof parallel to a verticalsurface, with the viewer looking at the printed material forstereoscopic viewing PM face-on, as shown in FIG. 8B. For that reason,images IL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye such as those ofFIGS. 3 and 4 are subjected to anaglyph processing without modification,to create the printed material for stereoscopic viewing PM. Since someperspective does remain in the images of FIGS. 3 and 4, the printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing PM shown in FIG. 8B will appear to bea correct image if viewed face-on, but only from the perspectiveperception point of view.

However, when the viewer looks at the printed material for stereoscopicviewing PM face-on, as shown in FIG. 8B, the focus (focal distance) toany point of the entire surface of the PM ends up the same. Aninconsistency or error in the relationship between focal adjustment andbinocular parallax or convergence will therefore be created in the brainof the human being. The brain will therefore be forced to createstereoscopic linkages, which will seem unnatural and will make itimpossible to recognize the stereoscopic effect. If the printed materialfor stereoscopic viewing PM created by the prior-art method is looked atwhile disposed on a desk that is parallel to the horizontal surface,there will be inconsistencies in the depth perception, giving anunnatural stereoscopic view. In other words, the rectangle RTG of FIGS.3 and 4 is a plan view with a height of zero, so that the rectangle RTGcannot be viewed stereoscopically.

With this embodiment, it is assumed that the viewer looks at the printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing PM (display screen) while it isdisposed on a desk (with the base surface BS parallel to a horizontalsurface), as shown in FIG. 8C. In other words, this disposition is thedefault disposition of this method. When the printed material forstereoscopic viewing PM is to be disposed parallel to a horizontalsurface in this manner, creating the printed material for stereoscopicviewing PM by subjecting the images of FIGS. 3 and 4 to anaglyphprocessing without modification will create inconsistencies in theperspective.

With this embodiment, correction processing is executed to remove theperspective of the image of the base surface, as described withreference to FIGS. 5, 6, and 8A. The anaglyph processing is thenperformed based on the images of FIGS. 5 and 6, after the removal of theperspective of the base surface, to create the printed material forstereoscopic viewing PM, so that if the thus created printed materialfor stereoscopic viewing PM is disposed parallel to a horizontal surfaceas shown in FIG. 8C, the image of the base surface (the rectangle RTG)has a suitable perspective. If the printed material for stereoscopicviewing PM is disposed as shown in FIG. 8C, the focal distance to eachpoint of the surface thereof will not be the same, but will differ. Forthat reason, the focal adjustment will be similar to that in the realworld. The offsets in the relationships between the focal adjustment andbinocular parallax or convergence are also therefore reduced, making itpossible to implement a more natural stereoscopic view that has afeeling of reality.

Note that there is a possibility that an offset in depth perception willoccur in stereoscopic viewing method of this embodiment if the height ofthe object is too high. In such a case, two base surfaces BS1 and BS2(generally speaking: a plurality of base surfaces) could be provided, asshown in FIG. 10.

In this case, the base surface BS1 is a surface that is parallel to ahorizontal surface, by way of example. The base surface BS2, on theother hand, is a surface that subtends a predetermined angle (such as aright angle) with the base surface BS1. The base surfaces BS1 and BS2are linked by a boundary BD.

The object OB (graphic object) is disposed on the base surface BS1 andalso on the nearer side of the base surface BS2 (the side with VPL andVPR). The processing is performed as shown in FIG. 11 instead of that ofFIG. 1.

Steps S11 and S12 of FIG. 11 are similar to steps S1 and S2 of FIG. 1.At step S13, correction processing to remove the perspective at the basesurface BS1 is performed for an area corresponding to the base surfaceBS1 for the image IL1 for the left eye (a first area of IL1 on the BS1side with reference to the boundary BD). Correction processing forremoving perspective at the base surface BS2 is then performed for anarea corresponding to the base surface BS2 for IL1 (a second area of IL1on the BS2 side with reference to the boundary BD). The image IL2 forthe left eye, which is an image connecting the images generated by thiscorrection processing, is then created (generated).

In step S14, correction processing to remove the perspective at the basesurface BS1 is performed for an area corresponding to the base surfaceBS1 for the image IR1 for the right eye (a first area of IR1 on the BS1side with reference to the boundary BD). Correction processing forremoving perspective at the base surface BS2 is then performed for anarea corresponding to the base surface BS2 for IR1 (a second area of IR1on the BS2 side with reference to the boundary BD). The image IR2 forthe right eye, which is an image connecting the images generated by thiscorrection processing, is then created (generated).

In the final step S15, processing such as anaglyph processing is used tocreate (generate) a stereoscopic image, based on IL2 and IR2. Thethus-obtained stereoscopic image could be printed on a print medium toproduce printed material for stereoscopic viewing, or a game image thatis a real-time moving image could be generated by displaying thestereoscopic image on a display section.

This process makes it possible to implement a more natural stereoscopicview that has a feeling of reality, even when OB is an object thatstands some height above the base surface BS1, as shown in FIG. 12. Inother words, it is possible to implement a stereoscopic view in an areain the vicinity of the feet of the object OB (the first area on thelower side of the boundary BS with a natural depth perception or focaladjustment, by processing using the base surface BS1. Similarly, it ispossible to implement a stereoscopic view in the other areas (the secondarea on the upper side of the boundary BS) with a natural depthperception, by processing using the base surface BS2.

Note that the number of base surfaces is not limited to two, and thusthree or more base surfaces (a plurality of linked base surfaces) couldbe used.

2. Second Stereoscopic Viewing Method

A flowchart of a second stereoscopic viewing method in accordance withthis embodiment is shown in FIG. 13. In contrast to the previouslydescribed method of FIG. 1, which is the optimal method for using imagescaptured by a camera to create printed material for stereoscopicviewing, the method of FIG. 13 is the optimal method for using CG imagesto create printed material for stereoscopic viewing.

First of all, the system projects each point of the graphic object OBonto the base surface BS (either BS1 or BS2 in the setup of FIG. 10) ina projection direction linking the viewpoint position VPL for the lefteye to each point of the OB, to render it onto the base surface BS andcreate (generate) the image IL for the left eye (step S21).

It then projects each point of the graphic object OB onto the basesurface BS (either BS1 or BS2 in the setup of FIG. 10) in a projectiondirection linking the viewpoint position VPR for the right eye to eachpoint of the OB, to render it onto the base surface BS and create(generate) the image IR for the right eye (step S22). Note that the basesurface BS is a surface that is not orthogonal to the line-of-sightdirection (the direction linking the viewpoint position and a point ofregard), by way of example. In other words, the base surface BS is adifferent surface from a perspective projection screen that is alwaysorthogonal to the line-of-sight direction.

The processing of steps S21 and S22 projects a virtual beam of lightfrom VPL (or VPR) toward the graphic object OB, in such a manner thatthe light is used to burn an image of the OB onto virtual paper that isthe base surface BS (BS1 or BS2), to render it onto the virtual paper.This renders images (having properties such as color) of points P1, P2,P3, and P4 of the graphic object OB into projected points P1′, P2′, P3′,and P4′ on the base surface BS. Note that images of points P5 and P6 onthe base surface BS are rendered without change at the positions ofthose points P5 and P6. It is possible to create an image IL for theleft eye and an image IR for the right eye, similar to IL2 and IR2 ofFIGS. 5 and 6, by rendering the entire surface of the base surface BS(virtual paper) by a raster scan, as shown by way of example in FIG.14B. In other words, it is possible to create images IL and IR for theleft eye and the right eye from which the perspective of the image ofthe base surface has been removed.

The system then performs anaglyph processing or the like, based on theseimages IL and IR for the left eye and the right eye, to create(generate) the stereoscopic image (step S23). This makes it possible toobtain a stereoscopic image such as that shown in FIG. 7. Thethus-obtained stereoscopic image could be printed on a print medium toproduce printed material for stereoscopic viewing, or a game image couldbe generated by displaying the stereoscopic image on a display section.

This makes it possible to implement a more natural stereoscopic viewthat has a feeling of reality, by disposing the printed material forstereoscopic viewing PM (or the display screen) so that it is parallelto a horizontal surface (base surface), as shown by way of example inFIG. 14C.

The graphic object OB is projected onto a perspective projection screenSCR (a surface that is orthogonal to the line-of-sight direction) tocreate the image for the left eye and the image for the right eye, asshown by way of example in FIG. 15A. The thus-obtained image for theleft eye and image for the right eye are combined to create the printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing PM. The viewer looks at the printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing PM face-on, as shown in FIG. 15B.

With this method of FIG. 15A, the points P2 and P3 of the graphic objectOB are projected onto points P2″ and P3″ on the projection projectionscreen SCR. Since the printed material for stereoscopic viewing PM isviewed face-on, as shown in FIG. 15B, the difference L2 in focaldistance between P2″ and P3″ is zero. In other words, although thedifference L1 in focal distance between the actual points P2 and P3 isnot zero, L2 is zero and thus the focal adjustment differs from that inreality. This therefore creates an inconsistency in the relationshipbetween focal adjustment and binocular parallax, creating confusion inthe human brain which results in a stereoscopic view that has anincongruous feel.

In contrast thereto, since the printed material for stereoscopic viewingPM (display screen) of this embodiment is seen while placed on a desk asshown in FIG. 14C, the difference L2 in focal distance between thepoints P2′ and P3′ is not zero, in a similar manner to the difference L1in focal distance between the actual points P1 and P2, as shown in FIG.14A. Since the nearer portion (point P2) is seen to be nearer and thefarther portion (point P3) is seen to be farther away, therefore, thereis no inconsistency in the relationship between focal adjustment andbinocular parallax and thus no confusion is created in the human brain,making it possible to implement a more natural stereoscopic view.

In other words, since the method of this embodiment ensures that theprinted material for stereoscopic viewing PM is placed on a desk and isseen at an angle, the surface of the desk and the base surface BS (zerosurface) on which the graphic object OB is placed as the subject of thestereoscopic view are in the same plane, enabling a natural, realisticstereoscopic view. Since it suffices to represent an appearance in whichthe graphic object OB floats a few centimeters above the base surface BS(zero surface), there is substantially no inconsistency in the depthwisedirection. Moreover, since the base surface BS is the surface of thedesk, it appears that the stereoscopic object is disposed on that deskin reality, increasing the realness of the object. In other words, sincethe base surface is ambiguous with the prior-art method of FIGS. 15A and15B, the realness of the object can only make it seem like a phantom.

Note that the method of FIG. 13 can also create (generate) astereoscopic image in which a plurality of base surfaces are set, asdescribed previously with respect to FIG. 10. In such a case, steps S21and S22 of FIG. 13 ensure that the points that are projected onto thebase surface BS1 could be rendered onto the base surface BS1 and thepoints projected onto the base surface BS2 could be rendered onto thatbase surface BS2.

3. Anaglyph Processing

The anaglyph processing of step S5 of FIG. 1, step S15 of FIG. 11, andstep S23 of FIG. 13 will now be described simply.

Anaglyph processing prints an image for the left eye and an image forthe right eye in different colors on one sheet of print medium, tocreate a printed material for stereoscopic viewing. This printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing is viewed through color filters thatdiffer for the left and right eyes (such as red for the left eye andblue for the right eye). During this time, the stereoscopic view isimplemented by ensuring that the left eye sees only the image for theleft eye and the right eye sees only the image for the right eye.

With monochrome anaglyph processing, for example, the image for the lefteye (IL2 or IL) is converted to grayscale. The image data after theconversion is copied into the R channel of the anaglyph image (RGB). Theimage for the right eye (IR2 or IR) is then converted to grayscale. Theimage data after the conversion is copied into the G channel and the Bchannel of the anaglyph image (RGB). This creates a monochrome anaglyphimage. Note that the image for the right eye could equally well becopied into the B channel alone.

With color anaglyph processing, the R channel of the image for the lefteye (IL2 or IL) is copied into the R channel of the anaglyph image(RGB). Similarly, the G channel of the image for the right eye (IR2 orIR) is copied into the G channel of the anaglyph image (RGB). The Bchannel of the image for the right eye is copied into the B channel ofthe anaglyph image (RGB). This makes it possible to create a color(pseudo-color) anaglyph image.

Note that the method of implementing the stereoscopic view (step S5 ofFIG. 1, step S15 of FIG. 11, or step S23 of FIG. 13) is not limited toanaglyph processing, providing at least an image for the left eye (IL2or IL) and an image for the right eye (IR2 or IR) are used.

For instance, a special lens called a lenticular lens could be used toensure that only the image for the left eye enters the left eye and onlythe image for the right eye enters the right eye, to implement thestereoscopic view.

It is also possible to dispose polarizing plates in front of the imagefor the left eye and the image for the right eye, where the polarizingplate placed before the image for the left eye has a differentpolarization direction than the polarizing plate placed before the imagefor the right eye. The stereoscopic view could be implemented by theviewer wearing spectacles in which polarizing plates havingcorresponding polarization directions are inserted into the lensportions thereof.

The image for the left eye and the image for the right eye are displayedalternately at each frame, by way of example. The stereoscopic viewcould be implemented by the viewer wearing spectacles in which a shutter(such as a liquid-crystal shutter) for the left eye opens insynchronization with the display of the image for the left eye and ashutter for the right eye opens in synchronization with the display ofthe image for the right eye.

4. Setting of Viewpoint Positions

The description now turns to a method of setting the viewpointpositions.

It is desirable that the viewpoint positions for the left eye and theright eye VPL and VPR shown in FIGS. 2 and 10 are disposed at theassumed positions of the left and right eyes of the viewer when theviewer is actually viewing the printed material for stereoscopic viewingor the display screen for the stereoscopic view. In the example shown inFIGS. 2 and 10, the viewpoint positions for the left eye and the righteye VPL and VPR are set on the basis of a distance DVB (such as 40 cm)between the object OB (graphic object, subject) and the viewer, aline-of-sight angle θ (line-of-sight direction SL), and a distancebetween the eyes DLR (such as 7 cm).

It should be noted, however, that if the display is reduced or enlarged,the positions of VPL and VPR are moved in accordance with the reductionratio or enlargement ratio. In such a case, it is desirable that theviewpoint positions are moved by a method such as that shown in FIG. 16.

If the distance DVB between the object OB (subject, graphic object) andthe viewpoint position (a central point CP between VPL and VPR) becomeslonger, by way of example, the distance DLR between the viewpointposition VPL for the left eye and the viewpoint position for the righteye VPR is increased in accordance with the change in this length(ratio). In other words, DLR is lengthened in proportion to the changein the length of DVB.

If the distance DVB between the object OB (subject, graphic object) andthe viewpoint position (the central point CP between VPL and VPR) ischanged, the viewpoint position (the central point CP, as well as VPLand VPR) is moved so as to move along a line LN (line-of-sightdirection) that subtends the predetermined angle θ with respect to thebase surface BS.

Since this ensures that the distance DVB and the distance DLR change ata uniform ratio, even when VPL and VPR are moved, it makes it possibleto prevent a situation in which the stereoscopic perception fails. Thismakes it possible to implement a reduced or enlarged display whilemaintaining a suitable stereoscopic perception.

5. Use of Photographic Images to Create Printed Material forStereoscopic Viewing

The description now turns to details of a method of using photographicimages to create (fabricate) printed material for stereoscopic viewing.The first method described with reference to FIG. 1 is applied in thiscase.

When using photographic images, it is necessary to ensure that theenvironment at capture is reproduced unchanged. The cameras (such asdigital cameras) used for the photography are therefore disposed in alayout that is close to the positional relationship when the viewerlooks at the result. For example, the cameras for the photography aredisposed on the assumption that the printed material for stereoscopicviewing or the like is placed on a standard desk and the viewer islooking at it while sitting on a chair.

5.1 Case with One Base Surface

If there is one base surface as shown in FIG. 2, the distance betweenthe eyes DLR (approximately 7 cm), the distance DVB between theviewpoint and the subject OB, the line-of-sight angle θ, and alongitudinal dimension D1 and a lateral dimension D2 (print region) ofthe print paper are set.

Cameras are then disposed at positions where the left and right eyes ofthe viewer are assumed to be. A sheet of paper on which marks MK1 to MK4(first to fourth marks) have been drawn, to act as markers of the printregion (D1 and D2), is positioned. These marks MK1 to MK4 form verticesof a rectangle on the base surface BS (where “rectangle” has a generalmeaning that also comprises “square”).

The subject OB to be photographed is then mounted on the paper. Duringthis time, the subject OB to be photographed is placed in such a mannerthat the OB does not protrude outside of the rectangle (print region)configured of the marks MK1 to MK4, as seen from the camera positions.The cameras that have been set at the positions that are assumed to bethe positions of the left and right eyes are then used to capture imagesthat include the subject OB to be photographed and the marks MK1 to MK4,to create the images IL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eyeshown in FIGS. 3 and 4.

The captured images IL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye arethen fetched into an image generation system (personal computer orinformation processing device) and displayed on screen. The marks MK1 toMK4 of the paper are then located from the displayed images.

As shown in FIG. 17, the marks MK1 to MK4 are moved to positions ofvertices VX1 to VX4 of a rectangle (where “rectangle” has a generalmeaning that also comprises “square”) having an aspect ratio of D1 toD2, to perform distortion correction processing of the images. Thiscorrection processing is done for each of the images IL1 and IR1 for theleft eye and the right eye to create the images IL2 and IR2 for the lefteye and the right eye such as those shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

The unwanted portions outside the print region are trimmed. Software foranaglyph processing is then used to create a stereoscopic image(anaglyph image) such as that shown in FIG. 7 from the images IL2 andIR2 for the left eye and the right eye. The thus-obtained stereoscopicimage is printed on paper in a print region of dimensions D1 and D2, tocomplete the printed material for stereoscopic viewing.

5.2 Case with Two Base Surfaces

If there are two base surfaces as shown in FIG. 10, the distance betweenthe eyes DLR (approximately 7 cm), the distance DVB between theviewpoint and the subject OB, the line-of-sight angle θ, and alongitudinal dimension D1, a lateral dimension D2, and a heightdimension D3 (print region) of the print paper are set.

Cameras are then disposed at positions where the left and right eyes ofthe viewer are assumed to be. A first sheet of paper (the base surfaceBS1) on which marks MK1 to MK4 (first to fourth marks) have been drawn,to act as markers of the print region (D1 and D2), is positioned. Thesemarks MK1 to MK4 form vertices of a rectangle on the base surface BS1.

A second sheet of paper (the base surface BS2) on which marks MK5 to MK8(fifth to eighth marks) have been drawn, to act as markers of the printregion (D2 and D3) is placed behind the first sheet of paper andperpendicular thereto. These marks MK5 to MK8 form vertices of arectangle on the base surface BS2.

The subject OB to be photographed is then mounted on the first sheet ofpaper. During this time, the subject OB to be photographed is placed insuch a manner that the OB does not protrude outside of the rectangleconfigured of the marks MK1 to MK4 or the rectangle (print region)configured of the marks MK5 to MK8, as seen from the camera positions.The cameras that have been set at the positions that are assumed to bethe positions of the left and right eyes are then used to capture imagesthat include the subject OB to be photographed and the marks MK1 to MK4and MK5 to MK8, to create the images (photographs) IL1 and IR1 for theleft eye and the right eye.

The captured images IL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye arethen fetched into an image generation system (personal computer) anddisplayed on screen. The marks MK1 to MK4 and MK5 to MK8 of the paperare then located from the displayed images. Note that the marks MK3 andMK4 and the marks MK6 and MK5 could be the same.

As shown in FIG. 18, the marks MK1 to MK4 are moved to positions ofvertices VX1 to VX4 of a rectangle having an aspect ratio of D1 to D2,to perform distortion correction processing of the images. Similarly,the marks MK5 to MK8 are moved to positions of vertices VX5 to VX8 of arectangle having an aspect ratio of D3 to D2, to perform distortioncorrection processing of the images. The thus-obtained two images arelinked. This correction processing is done for each of the images IL1and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye to create the images IL2 andIR2 for the left eye and the right eye.

The unwanted portions outside the print region are trimmed. Software foranaglyph processing is then used to create a stereoscopic image(anaglyph image) from the images IL2 and IR2 for the left eye and theright eye. The thus-obtained stereoscopic image is printed on paper in aprint region of dimensions D1, D2, and D3, to complete the printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing.

6. Use of CG Images to Create Printed Material for Stereoscopic Viewing

The description now turns to details of a method of using computergraphics (CG) images to create (fabricate) printed material forstereoscopic viewing. The second method described with reference to FIG.13 is applied in this case. Note, however, that it is also possible toimplement this with the first method of FIG. 1.

First of all, virtual cameras (viewpoints) are disposed in the objectspace with a layout that is close to the positional relationship whenthe viewer looks at the result. For example, the virtual cameras aredisposed on the assumption that the printed material for stereoscopicviewing or the like is placed on a standard desk and the viewer islooking at it while sitting on a chair.

The distance between the eyes DLR (approximately 7 cm), the distance DVBbetween the viewpoint and the graphic object OB, the line-of-sight angleθ, and a longitudinal dimension D1 and a lateral dimension D2 (printregion) of the print paper are set, as shown in FIG. 2.

The virtual cameras are then disposed at positions where the left andright eyes of the viewer are assumed to be. The graphic object isdisposed on the virtual paper (a virtual paper graphic object).

A virtual beam of light is emitted from the viewpoint position VPL forthe left eye towards the graphic object OB, and this light is used torender an image of the OB as if exposed on the virtual paper. Thiscreates the image IL for the left eye. This processing is similar to theprocessing for projecting an image as seen by the eyes by a projectoronto the virtual paper on the desk.

A virtual beam of light is emitted from the viewpoint position VPR forthe right eye towards the graphic object OB, and this light is used torender an image of the OB as if exposed on the virtual paper. Thiscreates the image IR for the right eye.

Anaglyph processing software is then used to create a stereoscopic image(anaglyph image) from the images IL and IR for the left eye and theright eye. The thus-obtained stereoscopic image is printed on paper in aprint region of dimensions D1 and D2, to complete the printed materialfor stereoscopic viewing.

Note that printed material for stereoscopic viewing can also be createdby providing a plurality of base surfaces such as is shown in FIG. 10,using CG images.

The graphic object OB projected onto the base surface BS could either besuch that all of the graphic object is disposed on the base surface BS,as shown in FIG. 2, or part thereof is disposed in the further side ofthe base surface BS, as shown in FIG. 19A. Alternatively, the entiregraphic object could be disposed in the further side of the base surfaceBS, as shown in FIG. 19B.

In the example shown in FIG. 19A, points P1, P2, and P3 in the furtherside of the base surface BS are projected onto points P1′, P2′, and P3′that are closer. This makes it possible to represent a feature such as ahole in the graphic object OB. It is also possible to represent theappearance of the graphic object OB sinking into the virtual paper at aposition C1 in FIG. 19A.

In the example shown in FIG. 19B too, points P1, P2, and P3 in theinterior of the base surface BS are projected onto points P1′, P2′, andP3′ that are closer. This makes it possible to represent graphic objectssuch as fish submerged below a water surface. Note that, whenrepresenting a semi-transparent thing such as a water surface, it isdesirable to dispose a semi-transparent graphic object at the positionof the base surface BS and perform alpha blending on thissemi-transparent graphic object and the graphic object OB (points P1′,P2′, and P3′).

The method of this embodiment of using CG images in this way makes itpossible to create the ideal printed material for stereoscopic viewingfor attachment to a game manual.

For example, a technical problem with a prior-art game manual that canonly contain two-dimensional maps is that it is difficult for the playerto gasp the contours or the like of such a map.

In contrast thereto, use of the method of this embodiment makes itpossible to attach a map that can be viewed stereoscopically, as printedmatter in the game manual. For example, to enable the use of shape dataof a map as game data, it is possible to use that game data to create aprinted map for stereoscopic viewing, in a simple manner. The method ofthis embodiment also makes it possible to provided printed material forstereoscopic viewing that is best for clearly exhibiting the optimalstereoscopic perception when placed on a desk or the like for viewing.It is therefore possible to provide the optimal printed material forstereoscopic viewing for attachment to the game manual, which is easyand convenient for the player to use.

Note that printed material for stereoscopic viewing that showsappropriate vehicles, tanks, and aircraft could also be appended to thegame manual for a game that includes vehicles, tanks, and aircraft.Alternatively, application of the method of this embodiment to a monstercard game makes it possible to implement a card game in which monsterson the cards appear to jump out in a stereoscopic manner. Since a cardgame in particular is enjoyed by placing the cards on a horizontalsurface such as a desk or table, the method of this embodiment is idealfor enabling the most effective stereoscopic view when the cards are ona horizontal surface (base surface).

7. Generation of Game Images

The description now turns to a method of generating game images that arereal-time moving images. In this case, the first method described withreference to FIG. 1 is applied. It should be noted that it is alsopossible to implement it with the second method of FIG. 13.

First of all, virtual cameras (viewpoints) are disposed in the objectspace with a layout that is close to the positional relationship whenthe player looks at the result. For example, the virtual cameras aredisposed on the assumption that the printed material for stereoscopicviewing or the like is placed on a standard desk and the player islooking at it while sitting on a chair.

The distance between the eyes DLR (approximately 7 cm), the distance DVBbetween the viewpoint and the graphic object OB, the line-of-sight angleθ, and a longitudinal dimension D1 and a lateral dimension D2 (displayscreen size) of the display screen are set, as shown in FIG. 2.

The virtual cameras are then disposed at the viewpoint positions for theleft eye and the right eye VPL and VPR where the left and right eyes ofthe player are assumed to be. The object OB that is the subject of thevirtual cameras is disposed within the object space. These virtualcameras are basically pointed in the direction of the graphic object(graphic object of regard) within the object space, from the viewpointpositions for the left eye and the right eye VPL and VPR.

Images for the left eye and the right eye IL1 and IR1, as seen from thevirtual cameras disposed at the viewpoint positions for the left eye andthe right eye VPL and VPR, are then generated. The thus-generated imagesIL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye are written to a texturearea (texture space) in VRAM and those images are set on a texture imageTEX, as shown in FIG. 20.

The texture image TEX with perspective (see FIGS. 3 and 4) is mappedonto a polygon PLG (primitive surface) of a rectangle (where “rectangle”has a general meaning that also comprises “square”) of dimensions D1 andD2. More specifically, texture coordinates (TX1, TY1), (TX2, TY2), (TX3,TY3), and (TX4, TY4) of the texture image TEX are correlated withvertices VX1 VX2, VX3, and VX4 of the polygon PLG, to map the textureimage TEX onto the polygon PLG. This makes it possible to generate animage of the base surface with perspective removed, as shown in FIGS. 6and 7. This texture mapping processing is done for each of the imagesIL1 and IR1 for the left eye and the right eye to generate images IL2and IR2 for the left eye and the right eye.

Anaglyph processing is then used to combine the thus-obtained images IL2and IR2 for the left eye and the right eye into a single stereoscopicimage. The thus-combined stereoscopic image is output to the displaysection.

Note that if the stereoscopic view is implemented by usingliquid-crystal shutters or the like, the generated images IL2 and IR2for the left eye and the right eye could be output alternately indifferent frames to the display section.

8. Image Generation System

A functional block diagram of the image generation system of thisembodiment is shown in FIG. 21. Note that the image generation system ofthis embodiment does not necessarily comprise all of the structuralelements (components) shown in FIG. 21, and some of them could beomitted.

This image generation system of FIG. 21 can be used as a system forgenerating game images (real-time moving images). In addition, it isalso possible to create stereoscopic images from CG images (staticimages), and use it as an image generation system (CG tools) forcreating the printed material for stereoscopic viewing. It is alsopossible to use it as an image generation system for fetchingphotographic images captured by cameras, then creating a stereoscopicimage from those photographic images, to create printed material forstereoscopic viewing.

An operating section 160 is designed to enable an player (operator) toinput operating data, where the functions thereof can be implemented byhardware such as levers, buttons, a steering wheel, a shift lever, anaccelerator pedal, a brake pedal, a microphone, sensors, a touch-panel,or a casing.

A storage section 170 acts as a work area for components such as theprocessing section 100 and the communications section 196, where thefunctions thereof can be implemented by hardware such as RAM.

An information storage medium 180 (a storage medium that can be read bya computer) is designed to store information such as programs and data,and its functions could be implemented by hardware such as an opticaldisk (CD or DVD), a magneto-optical (MO) disk, a magnetic disk, a harddisk, magnetic tape, or ROM. The processing section 100 performs thevarious types of processing in accordance with this embodiment, based onthe information stored in this information storage medium 180. In otherwords, within the information storage medium 180 is stored (recorded,accommodated) a program (a program for causing the implementation ofprocessing on a computer) that causes the computer to function as thevarious components of this embodiment.

A display section 190 is designed to output images generated by thisembodiment of the present invention, and the functions thereof can beimplemented by hardware such as a CRT, LCD panel, touch-panel, orhead-mounted display (HMD).

A sound output section 192 is designed to output sounds created by thisembodiment of the present invention, and the functions thereof can beimplemented by hardware such as a speaker or headphones.

A portable information storage device 194 stores data such as a player'spersonal data and saved game data, and various devices such as a memorycard or a portable game machine could be conceived as this portableinformation storage device 194.

The communications section 196 provides various types of control forcommunicating with an external device (such as a host device or anotherimage generation system), and the functions thereof can be implementedby hardware such as various types of processor or a communications ASIC,or by a program. Use of this communications section 196 makes itpossible to fetch the photographic images captured by cameras into theimage generation system, and output the created stereoscopic images to aprinter.

Note that a program or data for causing the implementation of thevarious processes of the present invention (this embodiment) on acomputer could be distributed to the information storage medium 180 (thestorage section 170) from an information storage medium possessed by ahost device (server), through a network and the communications section196. Such use of an information storage medium on the host device(server) is also comprised within the scope of the present invention.

The processing section 100 (processor) performs various types ofprocessing, such as game processing, image generation processing, orsound generation processing, based on manipulation data or a programfrom the operating section 160 or a program. In such a case, theprocessing section 100 uses a main storage section 172 within thestorage section 170 as a work area to perform various types ofprocessing. The functions of this processing section 100 could beimplemented by hardware such as various different processors (such as aCPU or DSP) or an ASIC (gate array), or by a program (game program).

The processing section 100 comprises a game processing section 110, afirst image generation section 120, a second image generation section122, stereoscopic image generation section 126, and a sound generationsection 130.

In this case, the game processing section 110 performs various types ofgame processing based on manipulation data from the operating section160 (game controller). This game processing includes processing such asthat for starting the game, based on game start conditions; processingto move the game forward; processing for disposing the graphic objects(display objects) that appear in the game; processing for obtainingmovement information (position, speed, and acceleration) and actioninformation (motion information) of the graphic objects; processing fordisplaying the graphic objects; processing for calculating game results;or processing for ending the game when a game end condition has beensatisfied.

The first image generation section 120 performs processing to generate afirst image for the left eye that is an image as seen from a viewpointposition for the left eye (a virtual camera for the left eye) within theobject space. It also performs processing to generate a first image forthe right eye that is an image as seen from a viewpoint position for theright eye (a virtual camera for the right eye) within the object space.In this case, the first image for the left eye and the first image forthe right eye are stereoscopic images, such as images exhibitingbinocular parallax. More specifically, a virtual camera is disposed atthe viewpoint position for the left eye and the line-of-sight directionof that virtual camera is pointed towards the of the graphic object(point of regard) to generate a first image for the left eye. Similarly,a virtual camera is disposed at the viewpoint position for the right eyeand the line-of-sight direction of that virtual camera is pointedtowards the graphic object (point of regard) to generate a first imagefor the right eye.

Note that images as seen from a virtual camera can be generated asdescribed below. In other words, geometry processing such as coordinateconversion, clipping processing, transparency conversion, or lightsource processing is first performed, then drawing data (such asposition coordinates of the vertices of primitive surfaces, texturecoordinates, color data, normal vectors, or a values) are created basedon the results of that processing. Objects (comprising one or aplurality of primitive surfaces) after the transparency conversion(after geometry processing) are drawn into a drawing buffer 174 (abuffer that enables the storage of image information in pixel units,such as a frame buffer or work buffer), based on this drawing data(primitive surface data). This causes the generation of images as seenfrom virtual cameras within the object space.

The second image generation section 122 performs correction processingon the first image for the left eye to remove the perspective of theimage at the base surface, to generate the second image for the lefteye. It also performs correction processing on the first image for theright eye to remove the perspective of the image at the base surface, togenerate the second image for the right eye (see FIGS. 1 and 8A).

Correction processing in this case is implemented by a texture mappingsection 124 performing the texture mapping described with reference toFIG. 20. More specifically, the first image for the left eye and thefirst image for the right eye generated by the first image generationsection 120 are stored as texture images in a texture storage section176. The texture mapping section 124 generates the second image for theleft eye by mapping the thus-stored first image for the left eye onto arectangular polygon. Similarly, it generates the second image for theright eye by mapping the thus-stored first image for the right eye ontothe rectangular polygon.

The second image generation section 122 could also use the methoddescribed with reference to FIG. 13 to generate the image for the lefteye and the image for the right eye. In other words, the second imagegeneration section 122 generates the image for the left eye by renderinga projection of each point of the graphic object onto the base surface,in the projection direction linking the viewpoint position for the lefteye to each point of the graphic object. It also generates the image forthe right eye by rendering a projection of each point of the graphicobject onto the base surface, in the projection direction linking theviewpoint position for the right eye to each point of the graphicobject.

The stereoscopic image generation section 126 performs processing togenerate the stereoscopic image, based on the second image for the lefteye (image for the left eye) and the second image for the right eye(image for the right eye). For example, it combines the second image forthe left eye (image for the left eye) and the second image for the righteye (image for the right eye) by anaglyph processing to generate thestereoscopic image, and outputs it to the display section 190. In such acase, the player wears spectacles provided with a red-colored filter anda blue-colored filter for the left eye and the right eye, to play thegame.

Alternatively, the stereoscopic image generation section 126 couldimplement a stereoscopic view by processing that outputs the secondimage for the left eye (image for the left eye) and the second image forthe right eye (image for the right eye) in different frames to thedisplay section 190. In such a case, the player wears spectaclesprovided with shutters that open and close in synchronization with theframes, to play the game.

The sound generation section 130 performs sound processing based on thevarious processing results obtained by the processing section 100, togenerate games sounds such as background music, sound effects, andvoices, and outputs them to the sound output section 192.

Note that the image generation system of this embodiment could beapplied to a system with a dedicated single-player mode, which enablesone player to play the game, or it could also be applied to a systemprovided with a multi-player mode, which enables a plurality of playersto play.

If a plurality of players are playing, the game images and game soundssupplied to this plurality of players could be created by using oneterminal, or they could be created by using a plurality of terminals(game machines or mobile phones) connected by a network (transmissionlines or communications circuitry) or the like.

9. Analysis of First and Second Stereoscopic Viewing Methods

Numerical analysis will now be performed on the first and secondstereoscopic viewing methods of this embodiment, as described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 13. The first stereoscopic viewing method showsthat it is possible to reconfigure an image of a real-world object thatcannot be projected directly (C1) onto the base surface (desk) screen aslong as virtually accepted, by taking photographs (FIGS. 3 and 4)obtained by camera capture (C2) and subjecting them to postprocessing(C3, the processing for removing perspective of FIG. 8A). Numericalanalysis is performed here on the differences between this firststereoscopic viewing method and the second stereoscopic viewing thatprojects the object directly on the base surface (desk) screen.

9.1 Numerical Analysis of First Stereoscopic Viewing Method

First of all, a viewpoint (v), a camera screen (s), an object, and acoordinate system relating to those components are defined as shown inFIG. 22. In FIG. 22, projection from the viewpoint projects an objectpoint (x, y, z) onto a point (x*, y*) on a screen (camera screen).

First of all, the camera capture (C2) can be expressed by a combinationof a rotation matrix Rx of Equation (1) and a projection matrix Pz ofEquation (2), as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{Rx}\left( {\theta = {\frac{\pi}{2} - \alpha}} \right)} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & {\cos\;\theta} & {{- \sin}\;\theta} & 0 \\0 & {\sin\;\theta} & {\cos\;\theta} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & {\sin\;\alpha} & {{- \cos}\;\alpha} & 0 \\0 & {\cos\;\alpha} & {\sin\;\alpha} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}}} & (1) \\{{{Pz}\left( {z = s} \right)} = \begin{pmatrix}{s - v} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & {s - v} & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1 & {- v}\end{pmatrix}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In this case, the rotation matrix Rx is a matrix that causes a rotationsuch that the line-of-sight direction of the diagonal direction isparallel to the Z-axis direction. The projection matrix Pz is a matrixthat represents the projection onto a screen (Z=s) of a camera from aviewpoint (Z=v). Note that a is the angle subtended between theline-of-sight direction and the base surface screen.

The camera capture (C2) can therefore be expressed by Equation (3):

$\begin{matrix}{{\begin{pmatrix}X \\Y \\0 \\H\end{pmatrix} = {{{Pz}\left( {z = s} \right)} \times {{Rx}\left( {\theta = {\frac{\pi}{2} - \alpha}} \right)} \times \begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}}{{where}:\mspace{14mu}\left\{ \begin{matrix}{x^{\prime} = {x/H}} \\{y^{\prime} = {y/H}}\end{matrix} \right.}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

This Equation (3) can be expressed as conversion equations such asEquation (4):

$\begin{matrix}{{x^{\prime} = {\frac{s - v}{\;{{y\;\cos\;\alpha} + {z\;\sin\;\alpha} - v}}x}}{y^{\prime} = {\frac{s - v}{\;{{y\;\cos\;\alpha} + {z\;\sin\;\alpha} - v}}\left( {{y\;\sin\;\alpha} - {z\;\cos\;\alpha}} \right)}}{z^{\prime} = s}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

Assume, by way of example, that four grid points G1=^(t)(a, a, 0),G2=^(t)(−a, a, 0), G3=^(t)(−a, −a, 0), and G4=^(t)(a, −a, 0) that form asquare are set on a base surface such as a desk (Z=0). Note that “t”means transform.

These grid points G1 to G4 are projected onto grid points G1′ to G4′ asshown in FIG. 23, by the conversions of Equations (3) and (4). Thecoordinates of these grid points G1′ to G4′ are calculated bysubstituting ^(t)(a, a, 0), (−a, a, 0), ^(t)(−a, −a, 0), and ^(t)(a, −a,0) into ^(t)(x, y, z) of Equations (3) and (4), as shown in Equations(5) to (8) below.

$\begin{matrix}\left. {G\; 1\begin{pmatrix}a \\a \\0\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{G\; 1^{\prime}\begin{pmatrix}c \\{c\;\sin\;\alpha} \\s\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{F\; 1\begin{pmatrix}b \\b\end{pmatrix}} \right. & (5) \\\left. {G\; 2\begin{pmatrix}{- a} \\a \\0\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{G\; 2^{\prime}\begin{pmatrix}{- c} \\{c\;\sin\;\alpha} \\s\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{F\; 2\begin{pmatrix}{- b} \\b\end{pmatrix}} \right. & (6) \\\left. {G\; 3\begin{pmatrix}{- a} \\{- a} \\0\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{G\; 3^{\prime}\begin{pmatrix}d \\{d\;\sin\;\alpha} \\s\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{F\; 3\begin{pmatrix}{- b} \\{- b}\end{pmatrix}} \right. & (7) \\\left. {G\; 4\begin{pmatrix}a \\{- a} \\0\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{G\; 4^{\prime}\begin{pmatrix}{- d} \\{d\;\sin\;\alpha} \\s\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow{F\; 4\begin{pmatrix}b \\{- b}\end{pmatrix}} \right. & (8)\end{matrix}$

The postprocessing of the first stereoscopic viewing method (C3, theprocessing for removing perspective) performs projection conversion toproject these grid points G1′ to G4′ onto grid point F1=t(b, b),F2=t(−b, b), F3=t(−b, −b), and F4=t(b, −b) that form a two-dimensionalsquare on the photograph. In other words, this projection conversionprojects the markers MK1 to MK4 (equivalent to G1′ to G4′) of FIG. 3onto the positions of markers MK1 to MK4 (equivalent to F1 to F2) ofFIG. 5.

A matrix that represents such a projection P1 is obtained by solvingsimultaneous equations for matrix elements a₁₁, a₁₂, a₁₃, . . . a₃₃, asshown in Equation (9):

$\begin{matrix}{{P\; 1} = {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}{\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{v}{v - s}} & 0 & 0 \\0 & {\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{v}{v - s}\csc\;\alpha} & 0 \\0 & {\frac{1}{v - s}\cot\;\alpha} & 1\end{pmatrix}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

The conversion of the first stereoscopic viewing method, which is acombination of camera capture (C2) and postprocessing (C3), can beexpressed by the rotation matrix Rx of Equation (1), the projectionmatrix Pz of Equation (2), and the projection matrix P1 of Equation (9),enabling representation as shown by Equation (10):

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{matrix}{\begin{pmatrix}X \\Y \\0 \\H\end{pmatrix} = {P\; 1 \times {{Pz}\left( {z = s} \right)} \times {{Px}\left( {\theta = {\frac{\pi}{2} - \alpha}} \right)} \times \begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}} \\{= {\frac{b}{a}\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & {{- \cot}\;\alpha} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & {- \frac{1}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}}\end{matrix}\;{{where}:\left\{ \begin{matrix}{x^{\prime} = {X/H}} \\{y^{\prime} = {Y/H}}\end{matrix} \right.}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

This Equation (10) can be expressed as a conversion equation, as shownby Equation (11):

$\begin{matrix}{{x^{\prime} = {\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{x}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}}}{y^{\prime} = {\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{y - {z\;\cot\;\alpha}}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

As mentioned above, the first stereoscopic viewing method can beexpressed as numerical formula such as Equation (10) or Equation (11).

9.2 Numerical Analysis of Second Stereoscopic Viewing Method

The conversion of the second stereoscopic viewing method of FIG. 13, inwhich the points of the object are projected directly onto a basesurface screen, can be expressed by Equation (12), from FIG. 24.

$\begin{matrix}{{\begin{pmatrix}X \\Y \\0 \\H\end{pmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & 0 & {{- v}\;\cos\;\alpha} \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & {- \frac{1}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}}{{where}:\left\{ \begin{matrix}{x^{*} = {X/H}} \\{y^{*} = {{Y/H} + {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}}\end{matrix} \right.}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

This Equation (12) can also be expressed by a conversion equation suchas Equation (13):

$\;\begin{matrix}{{x^{*} = \frac{x}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}}{y^{*} = {\frac{y - {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} + {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}}} & (13)\end{matrix}$

The conversions of the second stereoscopic viewing method expressed byEquations (12) and (13) consist of the three conversions of parallelmovement Ty (movement parallel to −v cos α in the y direction) of theobject OB, as shown in FIG. 25A; a projection Pz of the object OB afterthe parallel movement, as shown in FIG. 25B; and parallel movement Ty(movement parallel to v cos α in the y direction) of the object OB afterthe projection, as shown in FIG. 26.

9.3 Comparison of First and Second Stereoscopic Viewing Methods

As described above, the conversion of the first stereoscopic viewingsystem can be expressed numerically by Equation (14) or (15) and theconversion of the second stereoscopic viewing method can be expressednumerically by Equation (16) or (17).

$\begin{matrix}{\mspace{95mu}{{J\; 1}{\begin{pmatrix}X \\Y \\0 \\H\end{pmatrix} = {\frac{b}{a}\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & {{- \cot}\;\theta} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & {- \frac{1}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}}{{where}:\left\{ \begin{matrix}{x^{\prime} = {X/H}} \\{y^{\prime} = {Y/H}}\end{matrix} \right.}}} & (14) \\{{{x^{\prime} = {\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{x}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}\mspace{14mu} J\; 2}}y^{\prime} = {\frac{b}{a} \times \frac{y - {z\;\cot\;\alpha}}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}}}\;\mspace{40mu}{K\; 1}} & (15) \\{{\begin{pmatrix}X \\Y \\0 \\H\end{pmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & 0 & {{- v}\;\cos\;\alpha} \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & {- \frac{1}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} & 1\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x \\y \\z \\1\end{pmatrix}}}{{where}:\left\{ \begin{matrix}{x^{*} = {X/H}} \\{y^{*} = {{Y/H} + {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}}\end{matrix} \right.}} & (16) \\{{x^{*} = {\frac{x}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}}\mspace{14mu} K\; 2}}{y^{*} = {\frac{y - {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}{1 - \frac{z}{v\;\sin\;\alpha}} + {v\;\cos\;\alpha}}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$

The portions where Equations (14) and (16) differ are the itemsindicated by J1 and K1 the portions where Equation (15) and (17) differare the items indicated by J2 and K2.

These differing portions can be described intuitively with the aid ofthe drawings, as follows. In other words, the previously describedsecond stereoscopic viewing method consists of three conversions, asshown in FIGS. 25A, 25B, and 26. The first stereoscopic viewing methoddiffers from the second stereoscopic viewing method in the magnitude ofoffset in the initial parallel movement shown in FIG. 25A. In otherwords, this offset magnitude is z cot α in the first stereoscopicviewing method (see J1 and J2 of Equations (14) and (15)). In contrastthereto, this offset magnitude in the second stereoscopic viewing methodis v cos α (see K1 and K2 of Equations (16) and (17)).

With this second stereoscopic viewing method, the offset magnitude (vcos α depends on the viewpoint (v) and the line-of-sight direction (a).With the first stereoscopic viewing method, on the other hand, theoffset magnitude (z cot α) depends on the height (z) and theline-of-sight direction (α), but not on the viewpoint (v) itself. Theoffset magnitude (z cot α) of this first stereoscopic viewing method isequal to the distance between a point N1 at which a perpendicular linedropped from a point (x, y, z) of the object intersects the base surface(desk) screen and a point N2 at which a line extending from the point(x, y, z) of the object in the line-of-sight direction, not theprojection direction, intersects the base surface screen, as shown inFIG. 27.

With this first stereoscopic viewing method the offset magnitude (z cotα) of the parallel movement of FIG. 25A depends on the height (z). Therewill therefore be a disparity between the appearance of the stereoscopicview in the first stereoscopic viewing method and the appearance of thestereoscopic view in the second stereoscopic viewing method, inaccordance with the height (z) of the object point (x, y, z), thereinlies the difference between the first and second stereoscopic viewingmethods.

Note that the present invention is not limited to this embodiment andthus various modifications thereto are possible within the scope of theinvention laid out herein.

For example, terminology (such as graphic object/subject or polygon)that is derived from generic terminology defined within this document orfigures (such as object or primitive surface) could be replaced by otherterminology used within this document or the drawings.

Similarly, the method of creating (generating) the image for the lefteye, the image for the right eye, and the stereoscopic image is notlimited to those described with reference to this embodiment, andvarious modifications thereto are possible.

The images for stereoscopic viewing created (generated) by the methodsof the present invention can be used in applications other than printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing or game images.

The scope of the present invention also covers the generation of imagesfor stereoscopic viewing by methods equivalent to the first and secondmethods described within this embodiment.

Part of requirements of a claim of the present invention could beomitted from a dependent claim which depends on that claim. Moreover,part of requirements of any independent claim of the present inventioncould be made to depend on any other independent claim.

The present invention can be applied to various games (such asbeat'-em-up games, competitive games, shooting games, robot-battlinggames, sports games, and role-playing games).

This invention is can be applied to various image generation systems(game systems) such as arcade game systems, domestic game systems,large-scale attractions in which many players can participate,simulators, multimedia terminals, and system boards that create gameimages.

The specification discloses the following matters about theconfiguration of the embodiments described above.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provideda method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, themethod comprising:

creating a first image for the left eye for stereoscopic viewing;

creating a first image for the right eye for stereoscopic viewing;

creating a second image for the left eye by subjecting the first imagefor the left eye to correction processing for removing perspective of animage at a base surface in the first image for the left eye;

creating a second image for the right eye by subjecting the first imagefor the right eye to correction processing for removing perspective ofan image at the base surface in the first image for the right eye; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing based on thesecond image for the left eye and the second image for the right eye.

In this embodiment, a second image for the left eye is created from thefirst image for the left eye and a second image for the right eye iscreated from the first image for the right eye, by performing correctionprocessing to remove the perspective of images at the base surface (suchas the image of the base surface itself, images of objects at portionsin contact with the base surface, and the like). Printed material forstereoscopic viewing is fabricated based on these second images for theleft eye and the right eye. This makes it possible to provide printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing that enables the implementation of amore natural stereoscopic view with few inconsistencies in focaladjustment and depth perception.

In the method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,

the base surface may comprise a first base surface and a second basesurface having a predetermined angle with respect to the first basesurface, and

the method may further comprise:

creating the second image for the left eye by performing firstcorrection processing for removing perspective of an image at the firstbase surface in the first image for the left eye, with respect to anarea of the first image for the left eye corresponding to the first basesurface, and also performing second correction processing for removingperspective of an image at the second base surface in the first imagefor the left eye, with respect to an area of the first image for theleft eye corresponding to the second base surface; and

creating the second image for the right eye by performing the firstcorrection processing for removing perspective of an image at the firstbase surface in the first image for the right eye, with respect to anarea of the first image for the right eye corresponding to the firstbase surface, and also performing the second correction processing forremoving perspective of an image at the second base surface in the firstimage for the right eye, with respect to an area of the first image forthe right eye corresponding to the second base surface.

Such a configuration makes it possible to cancel any unnaturalness inthe depth perception that might occur in a case where only one basesurface is provided. Note that it is also possible to set three or morebase surfaces. The plurality of base surfaces (first and second basesurfaces) can be connected together.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopicviewing, the method comprising:

creating a first image for the left eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing a subject and first to fourth marks for the left eye froma viewpoint position for the left eye, the first to fourth marks for theleft eye forming a rectangle on a base surface;

creating a first image for the right eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing the subject and first to fourth marks for the right eyefrom a viewpoint position for the right eye, the first to fourth marksfor the right eye forming a rectangle on the base surface;

creating a second image for the left eye from the first image for theleft eye, by performing correction processing which moves the first tofourth marks for the left eye in the first image for the left eye topositions of vertices of a rectangle;

creating a second image for the right eye from the first image for theright eye, by performing correction processing which moves the first tofourth marks for the right eye in the first image for the right eye topositions of vertices of a rectangle; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing based on thesecond image for the left eye and the second image for the right eye.

In this embodiment, the second image for the left eye is created byperforming correction processing to move first to fourth marks of thefirst image for the left eye to the vertex positions of a rectangle(positions of first to fourth vertices), and, the second image for theright eye is created by performing correction processing to move thefirst to fourth marks of the first image for the right eye to the vertexpositions of the rectangle. Printed material for stereoscopic viewing isthen created based on the thus-obtained second image for the left eyeand second image for the right eye. The execution of such correctionprocessing makes it possible to implement processing for removing theperspective at the base surface, for example, with simple processing.

Note that a rectangle in this embodiment has a general meaning that alsocomprises “square.” The rectangle formed by the first to fourth marks onthe base surface and the rectangle formed by the vertices after themovement of the first to fourth marks can have equal aspect ratios.

In the method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,

the base surface may comprise a first base surface and a second basesurface having a predetermined angle with respect to the first basesurface, and

the method may comprise:

creating the first image for the left eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing the subject, the first to fourth marks for the left eye,and fifth to eighth marks for the left eye from the viewpoint positionfor the left eye, the first to fourth marks for the left eye forming arectangle on the first base surface, the fifth to eighth marks for theleft eye forming a rectangle on the second base surface;

creating the first image for the right eye for stereoscopic viewing byphotographing the subject, the first to fourth marks for the right eye,and fifth to eighth marks for the right eye from the viewpoint positionfor the right eye, the first to fourth marks for the right eye forming arectangle on the first base surface, the fifth to eighth marks for theright eye forming a rectangle on the second base surface;

creating the second image for the left eye from the first image for theleft eye by performing first correction processing which moves the firstto fourth marks for the left eye in the first image for the left eye topositions of vertices of a rectangle on the first base surface and alsosecond correction processing which moves the fifth to eighth marks forthe left eye in the first image for the left eye to positions ofvertices of a rectangle on the second base surface, and

creating the second image for the right eye from the first image for theright eye by performing the first correction processing which moves thefirst to fourth marks for the right eye in the first image for the righteye to positions of vertices of a rectangle and also the secondcorrection processing which moves the fifth to eighth marks for theright eye in the first image for the right eye to positions of verticesof a rectangle.

Such a configuration makes it possible to cancel any unnaturalness inthe depth perception that might occur in a case where only one basesurface is provided. Note that it is also possible to set three or morebase surfaces. In addition, the third and fourth marks and the sixth andfifth marks could be used in common.

The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing mayfurther comprise:

creating the first image for the left eye by photographing a subjectfrom a viewpoint position for the left eye;

creating the first image for the right eye by photographing the subjectfrom a viewpoint position for the right eye; and

when a distance between the subject and a viewpoint position has beenextended, extending a distance between the viewpoint position for theleft eye and the viewpoint position for the right eye in accordance withthe change in length of the distance between the subject and theviewpoint position.

Note that the viewpoint position could be a central point between theviewpoint position for the left eye and the viewpoint position for theright eye, by way of example.

The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing mayfurther comprise:

creating the first image for the left eye by photographing a subjectfrom a viewpoint position for the left eye;

creating the first image for the right eye by photographing the subjectfrom a viewpoint position for the right eye; and

moving a viewpoint position along a line having a predetermined anglewith respect to the base surface, when a distance between the subjectand the viewpoint position is to be changed.

In the method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,

a surface on which printed material for stereoscopic viewing is placedduring stereoscopic viewing may be set to be the base surface.

This makes it possible to implement an optimal stereoscopic view thathas a feeling of reality when the printed material for stereoscopicviewing is placed parallel to a mounting surface, by way of example.

The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing mayfurther comprise:

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing by combining thesecond image for the left eye and the second image for the right eye byanaglyph processing.

Note that the printed material for stereoscopic viewing in accordancewith this embodiment could also be created by a method other thananaglyph processing.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided printed material for stereoscopic viewing fabricated by one ofthe above methods. According to still another embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided printed material for stereoscopic viewingfabricated by copying printed material for stereoscopic viewingfabricated by one of the above methods.

According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, thereis provided printed material for stereoscopic viewing which isfabricated by combining an image for the left eye and an image for theright eye,

wherein each of the image for the left eye and the image for the righteye comprises an image of an object which is disposed on a base surface,and

wherein the image of the object in the image for the left eye and theimage of the object in the image for the right eye match at the basesurface, and an offset between the image of the object in the image forthe left eye and the image of the object in the image for the right eyebecomes larger with increasing distance from the base surface.

In this embodiment, the object image of the image for the left eye andthe object image of the image for the right eye match at the basesurface position. The print position of the image for the left eye andthe print position of the image for the right eye, and the displayposition of the image for the left eye and the display position of theimage for the right eye match at the base surface position, by way ofexample. The offset between the object image of the image for the lefteye and the object image of the image for the right eye (such as theoffset in the print position or display position) grows larger withincreasing distance from the base surface (increasing distance in apredetermined direction from the base surface). This makes it possibleto implement a stereoscopic view having a natural feeling of reality,which has been difficult to obtain in a conventional stereoscopic view.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopicviewing, the method comprising:

creating an image for the left eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of a graphic object onto a base surface which is not orthogonal toa line-of-sight direction, in a projection direction linking a viewpointposition for the left eye to each point of the graphic object;

creating an image for the right eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of the graphic object onto the base surface, in a projectiondirection linking a viewpoint position for the right eye to each pointof the graphic object; and

fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, based on theimage for the left eye and the image for the right eye.

In this embodiment, an image for the left eye is created by rendering aprojection of each point of the graphic object with respect to the basesurface, in the projection direction linking the viewpoint position forthe left eye to the points of the graphic object. An image for the righteye is also created by rendering a projection of each point of thegraphic object with respect to the base surface, in the projectiondirection linking the viewpoint position for the right eye to the pointsof the graphic object. Printed material for stereoscopic viewing isfabricated based on these images for the left eye and the right eye.This makes it possible to provide printed material for stereoscopicviewing that enables the implementation of a more natural stereoscopicview with few inconsistencies in focal adjustment and depth perception.Note that the base surface is not orthogonal to the line-of-sightdirection (the direction linking the central point between the viewpointposition for the left eye and the viewpoint position for the right eyewith the point of regard of the virtual camera), by way of example. Inother words, the base surface differs from a transparency conversionscreen that is orthogonal to the line-of-sight direction.

In the method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,the graphic object which is projected onto the base surface may be agraphic object which is disposed on the base surface. In the method offabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, the graphicobject which is projected onto the base surface may be a graphic objectat least part of which is disposed at a further side from the basesurface as seen from the viewpoint position for the left eye and theviewpoint position for the right eye.

In the method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,

the base surface may comprise a first base surface and a second basesurface having a predetermined angle with respect to the first basesurface, and

the method may comprise:

creating an image for the left eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of a graphic object onto a first or second base surface, in aprojection direction linking a viewpoint position for the left eye toeach point of the graphic object, onto the first or second base surface;and

creating an image for the right eye by rendering a projection of eachpoint of the graphic object onto the first or second base surface, in aprojection direction linking a viewpoint position for the right eye toeach point of the graphic object, onto the first or second base surface.

Such a configuration makes it possible to cancel any unnaturalness inthe depth perception that might occur in a case where only one basesurface is provided. Note that it is also possible to set three or morebase surfaces. The plurality of base surfaces (first and second basesurfaces) can be connected together.

The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing mayfurther comprise:

when a distance between the graphic object and a viewpoint position hasbeen extended, extending a distance between the viewpoint position forthe left eye and the viewpoint position for the right eye in accordancewith the change in length of the distance between the graphic object andthe viewpoint position.

The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing mayfurther comprise:

moving a viewpoint position along a line having a predetermined anglewith respect to the base surface, when a distance between the graphicobject and the viewpoint position is to be changed.

1. A method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing,the method comprising: using at least one or more processor to implementthe following steps: creating an image of a graphic object for a lefteye by rendering a projection of each point of the graphic object onto abase surface which is not orthogonal to a line-of-sight direction, in aprojection direction linking a viewpoint position for the left eye toeach point of the graphic object; creating an image of the graphicobject for a right eye by rendering a projection of each point of thegraphic object onto the base surface, in a projection direction linkinga viewpoint position for the right eye to each point of the graphicobject; and fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing, basedon the image of the graphic object for the left eye and the image of thegraphic object for the right eye, wherein the graphic object which isprojected onto the base surface is a graphic object at least part ofwhich is disposed at a further side beneath the base surface as seenfrom the viewpoint position for the left eye and the viewpoint positionfor the right eye.
 2. A method of fabricating printed material forstereoscopic viewing, the method comprising: using at least one or moreprocessor to implement the following steps: creating an image of agraphic object for a left eye by rendering a projection of each point ofthe graphic object onto a base surface which is not orthogonal to aline-of-sight direction, in a projection direction linking a viewpointposition for the left eye to each point of the graphic object, the basesurface including a first base surface and a second base surface havinga predetermined angle with respect to the first base surface; creatingan image of the graphic object for a right eye by rendering a projectionof each point of the graphic object onto the base surface, in aprojection direction linking a viewpoint position for the right eye toeach point of the graphic object; and fabricating printed material forstereoscopic viewing, based on the image of the graphic object for theleft eye and the image of the graphic object for the right eye, creatingan image of the graphic object for the left eye by rendering aprojection of each point of the graphic object onto a first or secondbase surface, in a projection direction linking a viewpoint position forthe left eye to each point of the graphic object, onto the first orsecond base surface; and creating an image of the graphic object for theright eye by rendering a projection of each point of the graphic objectonto the first or second base surface, in a projection direction linkinga viewpoint position for the right eye to each point of the graphicobject, onto the first or second base surface.
 3. The method offabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing as defined inclaim 1, wherein the graphic object which is projected onto the basesurface is a graphic object which is disposed on the base surface. 4.The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing asdefined in claim 1, further comprising: when a distance between thegraphic object and a viewpoint position has been extended, extending adistance between the viewpoint position for the left eye and theviewpoint position for the right eye in accordance with the change inlength of the distance between the graphic object and the viewpointposition.
 5. The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopicviewing as defined in claim 1, further comprising: moving a viewpointposition along a line having a predetermined angle with respect to thebase surface, when a distance between the graphic object and theviewpoint position is to be changed.
 6. The method of fabricatingprinted material for stereoscopic viewing as defined in claim 1, whereina surface on which printed material for stereoscopic viewing is placedduring stereoscopic viewing is set to be the base surface.
 7. The methodof fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing as defined inclaim 1, further comprising: fabricating printed material forstereoscopic viewing by combining the image of the graphic object forthe left eye and the image of the graphic object for the right eye byanaglyph processing.
 8. The method of fabricating printed material forstereoscopic viewing as defined in claim 2, wherein the graphic objectwhich is projected onto the base surface is a graphic object which isdisposed on the base surface.
 9. The method of fabricating printedmaterial for stereoscopic viewing as defined in claim 2, furthercomprising: when a distance between the graphic object and a viewpointposition has been extended, extending a distance between the viewpointposition for the left eye and the viewpoint position for the right eyein accordance with the change in length of the distance between thegraphic object and the viewpoint position.
 10. The method of fabricatingprinted material for stereoscopic viewing as defined in claim 2, furthercomprising: moving a viewpoint position along a line having apredetermined angle with respect to the base surface, when a distancebetween the graphic object and the viewpoint position is to be changed.11. The method of fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewingas defined in claim 2, wherein a surface on which printed material forstereoscopic viewing is placed during stereoscopic viewing is set to bethe base surface.
 12. The method of fabricating printed material forstereoscopic viewing as defined in claim 2, further comprising:fabricating printed material for stereoscopic viewing by combining theimage of the graphic object for the left eye and the image of thegraphic object for the right eye by anaglyph processing.